At
first glance it sounds far out to link Alzheimer's disease
(AD) to an apparently harmless over-the-counter analgesic
(pain reliever) and antipyretic (fever reducer). Paracetamol,
is called acetaminophen in the U.S. and Canada, and often
sold under the brand name Tylenol. In Australasia, Africa,
Asia, Europe and Central America Panadol is the most widely
available brand.
As
opposed to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
such as aspirin, ibuprofen and naproxen, which reduce pain
and inflammation mainly by local action, paracetamol has
recently been shown to work mainly by affecting the brain
where it blocks the reuptake of analgesic cannabis chemicals
or endocannabinoids. This only reduces pain without improving
inflammation. It also gives us an indication as to why paracetamol
is more likely to be associated with a degenerative brain
disease than NSAIDs with their mainly local mode of action
and anti-inflammatory properties.
That
paracetamol is far from harmless can be seen from its tendency
to cause kidney and liver damage. According to a recent
study 'over use' of acetaminophen is the most common cause
of acute liver failure in the United States. Paracetamol
has a very narrow therapeutic index. The Therapeutic
Index of a drug is the ratio of the toxic to the therapeutic
dose. Therefore it is easy to overdose with paracetamol,
and most liver damage resulted from unintentional overdoses,
although intentional overdosing (suicides) is also common.
The
maximum recommended daily intake is 4 grams but this amount
already tends to cause liver damage, and since 2009 the
FDA is contemplating to reduce the recommended maximum dose.
Paracetamol overdose results in more calls to poison control
centers in the US than overdose of any other pharmacological
substance. Paracetamol is especially toxic to the liver
if taken together with alcohol and then can easily be fatal.
If taken during pregnancy Paracetamol can cause infertility
in boys.
Untreated,
overdose can lead to liver failure and death within days.
The antidote for paracetamol overdose is acetylcysteine,
(also called N-acetylcysteine or NAC). It is a precursor
for the antioxidant glutathione which helps the body to
prevent liver damage. Paracetamol is also lethal to cats
and snakes. (1)
However,
until the 1970's phenacetin was the preferred analgesic;
it was converted in the body to paracetamol as its active
ingredient. In the 1940s, there was a sharp increase in
gastric ulcers in young women in Australia, especially in
Queensland and New South Wales, followed in the 1960s by
an epidemic of kidney failure. At that time it was also
recognised that these events were related and were induced
by analgesics, in particular by the addictive consumption
of Bex® Powder. Originally Bex contained aspirin, phenacetin,
and caffeine but in 1976 phenacetin was replaced with paracetamol.
It was addictively used by women of all ages—especially
housewives, who were encouraged to have "a cup of tea,
a Bex and a good lie down"—It was also the mood-altering
drug of choice for young women (2).
The
Alzheimer's Connection
Originally,
since the 1880's, phenacetin, an aniline derivative, was
widely used as an analgesic. The consumption of phenacetin
and other analgesics increased steeply after World War II.
In 1971 the first paper was published that linked high use
of phenacetin with the development of Alzheimer's disease
(3). Autopsies were performed on a series of individuals
who died of kidney disease caused by high intake of analgesics
(analgesic nephropathy).
Senile
plaques were found in six individuals aged from 52 to 67
years who had lifetime high intakes of phenacitin, while
no plaques were seen in two subjects aged 68 and 72 years
who had consumed similar amounts of aspirin over their lifetimes,
but no phenacetin. These findings do not only apply to phenacetin
itself, but also to its active metabolite paracetamol which
eventually replaced phenacetin because of its lower kidney
toxicity.
The
Abstract of this paper reads: "Psychometric and psychiatric
studies on eight patients who had abused compound analgesics
containing phenacetin showed that four had definite evidence
and two possible evidence of organic dementia. Neuropathological
studies on nine other analgesic abusers disclosed a surprisingly
high incidence of the histological features of Alzheimer's
disease. It is suggested that gross abuse of phenacetin
may overwhelm the antioxidant protection of the body, leading
to premature deposition of lipofuscin, and accelerated neuronal
ageing."
This
study was not followed up by other researchers or health
agencies. But some time later a 'strange' incident happened
to Robert Jones that made him dig more deeply into the possible
link between paracetamol and AD. Robert Jones (PhD) worked
mainly as a British cancer researcher who fell out with
the establishment when he published his protocol for the
treatment of cancer with promethazine, an antihistamine
also known as Phenergan. (4)
Twenty
years ago he took paracetamol for about 10 days to alleviate
pain while painting his house. Two weeks later he noticed
short and long-term memory problems. Gradually these improved
again but ten years later the same sequence repeated itself.
That pricked his curiosity and he started looking into a
possible connection between paracetamol and AD. The result
of his research was an article in Medical Hypothesis in
2001. (5) This did not make much of an impact, and so he
recently wrote another article: Does placing the histories
of certain analgesics and Fischer-Alzheimer's disease (F-AD)
in relative alignment reveal connected pharmacological risk
factors? But this time the paper was not even
accepted by a medical journal. (6)
The
Timelines of AD and Paracetamol
The
term Alzheimer's disease was coined in 1910 for an unusual
form of early-onset dementia. It had been independently
recognised in 1901 by Oskar Fischer in Prague and then by
Alois Alzheimer in Frankfurt. Fischer's first patient died
in 1903; Alzheimer's in 1906. The cortex of each patient
showed rare plaque-like lesions. Both published their findings
in 1907. Despite intensive search, only 12 instances of
plaques in dementia patients had been found before 1907.
Over the next 5 years 115 new cases were discovered, Fischer
described 56 of these.
Compare
the timing of these events leading to the recognition and
definition of AD to the introduction and use of phenacetin.
Both phenacetin and paracetamol were first tried on patients
in 1887. At that time phenacetin became the preferred drug,
and its sales established Bayer as a leading pharmaceutical
company. Originally very high doses were recommended by
some doctors. Use of phenacetin spread internationally on
a large scale as a result of the 1889-90 Asiatic influenza
pandemic. At the same time also its kidney toxicity became
apparent.
By
comparing the two timelines we see that the introduction
and widespread use of phenacetin preceded the sudden appearance
and explosive spread of AD by one or two decades. Also these
early AD victims typically displayed the kidney damage characteristic
of phenacetin overuse. Another indication of a possible
causal connection is the statistical fact that presently
paracetamol use and AD incidence are almost twice as high
in women than in men.
Originally
phenacetin and later paracetamol were mainly used and produced
in industrialised countries and that is where AD initially
flourished. But in more recent years (2008) production has
stopped in Europe and is now mainly based in China and India
which presently also have the highest projected growth rates
of AD. The estimated annual world production of paracetamol
is about 145,000 tonnes. That is an awful amount of tablets
to swallow, and at the maximum dose of 4 g/day sufficient
to control chronic pain of about 100 million people. It
also shows us where the incidence rates of AD may be heading;
in 2010, about 35 million cases of AD exist world-wide.
So
far, indications are that a high intake of paracetamol for
extended periods is required to lead to the development
of AD. With 51% the use of paracetamol in dementia patients
was found to be higher than with 21% in non-demented controls.
In some more recent studies aspirin and other NSAIDs had
a moderately protective effect on the development of AD,
but paracetamol use of more than 2 years increased the risk
by about 50%. However, these were short-term studies and
it was not specified if paracetamol use was occasional and
light, or chronic and heavy. (6)
Contributing
Factors
We
may assume that the risk of developing AD is a function
of several factors, including the lifetime intake of paracetamol,
the ability of the liver to detoxify the substance, and
the kidneys to excrete the residues. Therefore someone with
liver or kidney damage, or burdened with the ingestion of
other drugs, or exposed to mercury, can be expected to develop
AD at much lower doses than someone who is reasonably healthy
and does not normally use any other drugs.
There
are three metabolic pathways in which the liver can detoxify
paracetamol, and one of these pathways can produce a toxic
metabolite which may accumulate with high intakes and certain
genetic and metabolic conditions. Therefore it is clear
that the accumulated dose of paracetamol that may trigger
AD can be expected to vary widely between individuals.
Furthermore,
there is no reason to believe that paracetamol may be the
only drug or environmental chemical that can cause AD-type
brain damage. Not only individual drugs and chemicals but
their combinations may cause or contribute to AD. We do
not know anything about this, so far no one has investigated.
One
telling example is the 'accidental' finding that small amounts
of the common herbicide paraquat and the fungicide maneb
are apparently harmless when fed to animals individually
but when given together to rats and mice, even at very low
rates, they produced the symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
These chemicals are widely used in farming and may remain
present as crop residues. The leader of the research team
said: "No one has looked at the effects of studying
together some of these compounds that, taken by themselves,
have little effect. This has enormous implications,"
and "it's a huge problem to start thinking about a
nearly infinite array of mixtures of chemicals, instead
of the risk that a single chemical might pose". (7)
Perhaps
residues of paraquat and maneb also cause or contribute
to the development of AD? Who is responsible for finding
out and allowing only safe combinations of drugs and chemicals
into our food chain? Obviously the safe way to minimise
our chances of developing AD is to minimise our exposure
to all drugs and questionable chemicals! Even occasionally
taking relatively harmless drugs to treat insomnia and anxiety
has recently been shown to increase mortality risk
by 36%, and widely used NSAIDs increase the risk of a stroke
by up to 86% while also increasing the overall death rate
(8).
We
have government health agencies that are supposed to ensure
the safety of drugs. So far, after over one hundred years
of medical use, no proper safety checks have been made for
phenacetin or paracetamol, especially in regard to the possibility
of causing or contributing to AD.
For
that matter no proper safety checks have been done for other
drugs either. Drug companies are just required to do some
short-term studies with single drugs and often on healthy
individuals. From this the medical system deduces in an
act of magical thinking that such drugs are then safe when
used in the long-term or for a life-time, and/or if used
by individuals with weak liver or kidney functions, and/or
with impaired metabolic or detoxifying abilities, and/or
when used in combination with various other drugs and chemicals.
In a few cases drugs may be curtailed or withdrawn after
a few decades when a sufficient number of patients have
needlessly died, but overall no one knows how much morbidity
or mortality is caused by long-term drug use in varying
combinations for different conditions.
One
class of drugs that does frequently cause deterioration
or loss of memory are the statin drugs prescribed to lower
cholesterol levels. Dr Graveline, a NASA astronaut, flight
surgeon and family doctor wrote that he suddenly had a temporary
complete loss of memory after six weeks of using Lipitor.
He collected statements from others who had been similarly
affected. It has been proposed that high or elevated cholesterol
levels protect the brain from deterioration. (9)
Other
frequently claimed causes or contributors to the development
of AD are lack of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, specifically
DHA; mercury from dental amalgam, seafood and vaccinations,
and aluminium from cookware, baking foil, processed foods,
baked goods, baking powder, brewed drinks, drinking water,
some antacids, and anti-perspirants. Other factors are mentioned
as being lead, mobile/cell phones, solvents, fungi and parasites,
sugar, chlorinated water, inhalant anaesthetics, and excitotoxins
(e.g. MSG). A good overview of these factors with some references
is at Alzheimer's Disease: On Suggested Causes and Cures.
(10)
Bernard
Windham (Biostatistician) collected hundreds of scientific
references on the toxic effects of mercury and also aluminium
as a cause of AD and other neurological and autoimmune conditions.
Accordingly, a major factor in the neurotoxicity of mercury
are decreased levels of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide
dismustase which lead to increased lipid peroxidation in
the brain. Even a few micrograms of mercury can severely
disturb cellular functions. Mercury also accumulates in
the mitochondria and interferes with their vital functions,
especially by inhibiting cytochrome C enzymes and reducing
energy supply to the brain. (11)
In
regard to mercury and aluminium in vaccines we can read:
"A study of people who received flu shots regularly
found that if an individual had five consecutive flu shots
between 1970 and 1980 (the years studied) his/her chances
of getting Alzheimer's Disease is ten times higher than
if they had one or no shots". (12)
The
Niacinamide Cure
A
study of mice with induced AD restored their full memory
after treatment for four months with the human dose equivalent
of 2000 to 3000 milligrams of niacinamide, also called nicotinamide
or vitamin B3. Niacin or nicotinic acid belongs to this
group as well but it tends to induce flushing, and some
may be reluctant to take it, although it is the recommended
form to lower cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood.
"Cognitively,
they (the mice) were cured," commented the leading
researcher. "The vitamin completely prevented cognitive
decline associated with the disease, bringing them back
to the level they’d be at if they didn’t have the pathology."
In addition, niacinamide also improved the memory of mice
without AD. Presently there are several human trials with
niacinamide in progress. (13)
It
is no real surprise that vitamin B3 is beneficial because
it works also in many other conditions, such as improving
or normalising schizophrenia, senile conditions, arthritis,
hyperactivity or behavioural and learning difficulties of
children, cholesterol problems, cancer, dermatitis, juvenile
diabetes, fatigue and lack of energy (14). The reason why
a single vitamin can help with all of these problems is
its key role as a coenzyme in oxidative cellular energy
production.
If
certain areas of the brain or the body are congested with
metabolic waste products or for other reasons have reduced
blood supply, then energy production in that part of the
body is reduced. The brain needs 20% of our total energy
to function properly and therefore is especially sensitive
to lack of energy.
An
indication of the degree of biological aging is the amount
of lactic acid accumulating in the brain. This is especially
pronounced with degenerative brain diseases such as AD and
Parkinson's disease (15). Lactic acid is formed when the
oxidative energy production in the mitochondria, the powerhouses
inside cells, declines. In AD niacinamide-dependent enzymes
have been shown to be deficient (16). Getting more niacinamide
into congested brain cells helps to rev up energy production
and lets these cells function more normally.
There
may be an additional reason related specifically to paracetamol
in its function as an antipyretic. This means paracetamol
lowers the body temperature, and it may do this by lowering
the temperature in a specific part of the brain by reducing
the energy metabolism in that area. Niacinamide has the
opposite effect - someone who does not produce enough body
heat, and easily feels cold with cold hands and feet, can
often improve or overcome this problem by taking high-dose
niacinamide supplements.
However,
even if niacinamide works as well in humans as it does in
mice, it is not likely to be a permanent solution. In most
of the mentioned conditions high doses need to be continued
indefinitely or until the primary blockage in energy production
has been removed. This is similar to supplying medium chain
triglycerides (MCT) as from coconut oil. Dr Mary Newport
(http://www.coconutketones.com/
and http://www.coconutketones.com/WhatIfCure.pdf)
demonstrated that ketoacids formed from MCT can be used
by the brain as an alternative fuel in AD.
Other
Useful Measures
Niacinamide
works best when also supplying other vitamins of the B group
at lower doses, such as taking a B complex with most meals.
In addition, vitamin B12 is especially useful. In AD studies
B12 has commonly been tested together with folic acid and
vitamin B6.
These
B vitamins control levels of the amino acid homocysteine
in the blood. Homocysteine is formed during the conversion
of the amino acid methionine into the functional amino acid
cysteine. When these vitamins are deficient high levels
of homocysteine accumulate which are associated with an
increased risk of AD. Supplementing these vitamins can halve
the rate of brain shrinkage in elderly people with mild
memory problems. Those with the slowest rate of shrinkage
had better cognitive test scores. (17)
However,
vitamin B12 is poorly absorbed. especially by the elderly.
If one does not want to get regular injections of B12 one
can chew a tablet and keep it under the tongue for as long
as possible, or dissolve it in a small amount of warm water
to make a paste and rub it into the nostrils for absorption.
If done daily only a small amount needs to be used. Better
than folic acid from tablets is folate from green leaves
or their juices.
Other
beneficial vitamins and minerals are high amounts of vitamin
C, D (sunshine) and (natural) vitamin E, magnesium, zinc,
iodine and selenium. Lecithin, gingko biloba and turmeric
are beneficial for brain and liver, while caffeine stimulates
brain activity. A recent supplement to the Journal of
Alzheimer's Disease showed that the consumption of moderate
amounts of caffeine slowed the cognitive decline associated
with aging as well as the incidence of AD (18).
Acetyl-L-Carnitine
or ALCAR (try 1 - 2 g/day) increases energy production by
delivering fatty acids into mitochondria and improves their
health by helping to dispose of fatty wastes. It also increases
production of the important neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Before Alzheimer's patients experience memory loss, the
brain's neurons have already suffered harm for many years
due to their mitochondria being congested with protein and
fat residues (19).
The
omega-3 fatty acid DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) is the most
abundant fatty acid in the brain. People with liver damage
(as from paracetamol) have lost the ability to synthesise
it from the more common alpha linolenic acid. Therefore
supplementing with DHA tends to be beneficial but it needs
to be given together with protective vitamin E as oxidised
DHA may damage the brain.
Other
studies show that a low dosage of a certain cannabinoid,
a component in marijuana, reversed memory loss in older
rats. These old rats performed better in memory tests, and
had less brain cell death. It has also been found that people
who regularly smoked marijuana in the 1960s and 1970s rarely
develop Alzheimer’s disease. Earlier research (2006) showed
that THC, marijuana’s active ingredient, can slow the formation
of "Alzheimer plaques" in the brain better than
any commercial drugs. THC also blocks clumps of protein
that inhibit memory and cognition in AD patients. (20) These
beneficial effects of cannabinoids may be significant as
paracetamol has been shown to work by blocking our internal
cannabinoids in the brain.
To
improve blood supply to the brain it is beneficial frequently
to lie for extended periods with the head lower than the
heart such as on a slant board or by raising the foot end
of the bed with bricks.
The
Real Cure
Medical
research clearly shows that a major factor in the development
of AD are large amounts of abnormal proteins deposited in
neurons and other brain areas. In addition there are also
oxidised lipid wastes and toxic metals. It is clear that
these more or less toxic waste accumulations will greatly
limit nutrient supply, waste removal, and energy production
in the affected areas of the brain.
While
mainstream medicine will continue to search for new and
better drugs and technologies, for natural medicine this
is a standard problem with a time-honoured solution. Essentially
all chronic degenerative diseases present us with the same
picture of accumulated metabolic and toxic waste products
that obstruct normal cell and organ functions. The main
difference between the multitude of diseases is the organ
or part of the body that is most affected and the way in
which body functions are impaired.
The
process by which cells degrade and recycle material into
amino acids that can be reused is called autophagy. It is
an essential component of cellular survival and defence
against invading organisms. Even mainstream researchers
realise that waste removal is the potential cure and that
calorie restriction encourages autophagy but it is more
profitable to look for a drug or technological solution
to accomplish this (21).
If
the affected cells could break down the obstructing plaques
that would greatly increase the chances of recovery from
AD. A researcher explained: "Although we do not yet
completely understand how these diseases develop, we do
know that the proteins clump together and form a plaque
build-up in affected patients' neurons. If we can direct
the cell's own ability to break down waste products against
the plaques, we could keep them from forming and potentially
intercept the development of these and other diseases,"
(22).
Furthermore,
most chronic and autoimmune diseases are associated with
the presence of pleomorphic or cell-wall deficient microbes
in the affected tissues, and there is some indication that
this is also the case with AD. For instance by experimentally
using a drug that is approved for immune deficiency and
autoimmune disorders researchers achieved much better results
than with any drug approved and used for treating AD (23).
This shows the potential benefit of treating AD like an
autoimmune disease. For a more detailed explanation see
my article How to Overcome Chronic and Autoimmune Diseases
(24).
While
cleansing is difficult even for determined individuals who
want to improve their health, it is even more so for AD
patients and their carers. Nevertheless, it is the only
game in town, and some carers or even individuals with early
symptoms may want to try. So here is a basic outline of
a holistic program.
Step
1: Avoid or minimise the factors that have been mentioned
as causing or contributing to the condition, e.g. any mercury
amalgam fillings still present should be removed, preferably
by an holistic dentist. Gradually reduce any drugs to the
absolute minimum, food should be as free of chemical additives
or residues as possible.
Step
2: Gradually introduce vitamins, minerals and other remedies
mentioned as being beneficial, especially remedies and methods
that improve liver functions and blood circulation to the
brain. Try 500 mg of niacinamide with each meal, possibly
double the dose. If niacinamide therapy is reasonably successful,
that will make the whole program so much easier to follow.
Step
3: Monitor the acidity of the urine and try to keep it close
to pH 7. If it is mostly too acid then give more alkalising
agents, including sodium bicarbonate (not close to meals)
and potassium citrate. If the body seems to be too alkaline,
pH above 7, and skin insensitive to irritants such as insect
stings, then give more ascorbic acid, and hydrochloric acid
supplements with meals.
Step
4: Gradually adopt a High Quality Diet (25).
Step
5: Use oral chelation to remove mercury and aluminium. Sulphur
compounds are needed to detoxify the liver. If these are
not well tolerated, add a molybdenum supplement. One of
the strongest chelators is alpha lipoic acid (also called
thioctic acid), best combined with milk thistle extract.
Chlorella (cell broken powder) prevents re-absorption of
expelled metals from the intestines. Also helpful are MSM,
N-acetylcysteine, alpha-tocopherol, and ascorbic acid. You
may also add other mercury chelators obtained from the Internet
or use the Klinghardt Neurotoxin Elimination Protocol (26).
Step
6: To reduce or eliminate microbial problems try a mild
form of the Ultimate Cleanse (27) with special focus on
using lactic acid fermented foods, especially fermented
vegetables such as genuine sauerkraut.
Step
7: A series of cleanses on fresh raw food is needed to remove
the toxic and metabolic waste products from the brain. This
is the most difficult part and needs to be done gently with
only gradually increasing intensity. When under-eating the
body starts to process, digest and eliminate its waste products
but only if it has enough vitality which can best be supplied
with fresh juices of wheat grass and barley grass as well
as sprouted seeds (mung beans, lentils). In addition protein-digesting
enzymes are helpful, e.g. bromelain and papain (28).
Outlook
Ideally
governments would encourage and support the establishment
of sanatoriums and health farms for the holistic therapy
of patients with AD and other chronic diseases. But sadly
government health agencies are firmly wedded to drug medicine
and have a long track record of suppressing natural medicine.
Examples of this are the persecution of holistic cancer
therapists (29) and the malicious destruction of Pan Pharmaceuticals
in Australia (30).
Therefore,
it is clear that any attempt at setting up community healing
ventures needs to start from the grassroots level and proceed
very carefully. A model for this exists in the movement
started by Ann Wigmore in the 1960's that led to the establishment
of Hippocrates Health Centers. There visitors could detoxify
and heal on a raw food program based on fresh wheat grass
juice and sprouted seeds. This movement included city centers
as well as health farms. It would be great if this movement
or something similar could be revived and made to spread
worldwide.
REFERENCES
(1)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracetamol
- on this page you find references for the mentioned statements
(2)
http://www.pkdiet.com/pdf/pkdpain/australia78.pdf
(3)
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673671925761
(4)
http://www.health-science-spirit.com/phenergan.html
(5)
www.lycaeum.org/research/researchpdfs/2001_jones_1.pdf
(6)
http://www.commonsenseincancer.co.uk/images/paracetamol-azheimer.pdf
with references for the mentioned statements
(7)
http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/Paraquat-Maneb-Parkinsons.htm
(8)
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/200649.php
and http://circoutcomes.ahajournals.org/content/3/4/395.full
(9)
http://www.spacedoc.net/lipitor.htm
and http://www.spacedoc.net/alzheimers_statins.htm
(10)
http://www.healingcancernaturally.com/alzheimers-disease-causes.html
(11)
http://www.flcv.com/ms.html
(12)
http://www.flcv.com/alzhg.html
(13)
http://alzheimers-review.blogspot.com/2010/08/niacinamide-vitamin-b3-may-prevent.html
(14)
http://www.doctoryourself.com/hoffer_niacin.html
(15)
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/11/101102083646.htm
(16)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(85)90094-1
(17)
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/09/100912213050.htm
(18)
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/05/100517111937.htm
(19)
http://www.naturalnews.com/015553.html
(20)
http://alzheimers-review.blogspot.com/2009/11/medical-marijuana-as-effective.html
(21)
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071214144956.htm
(22)
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/05/100525140952.htm
(23)
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/04/100413170705.htm
(24)
http://www.health-science-spirit.com/autoimmune.htm
(25)
http://www.health-science-spirit.com/HF2-2.html
(26)
http://www.hbci.com/~wenonah/new/9steps.htm
(27)
http://www.health-science-spirit.com/ultimatecleanse.html
(28)
http:/www.health-science-spirit.com/HF1-3.html
(29)
http://www.health-science-spirit.com/cancerpersecution.html
(30)
http://www.theage.com.au/national/pan-founder-wins-50m-payout-20080814-3ve4.htm
